A Reverse Osmosis (RO) system is a water treatment process that removes dissolved salts, minerals, and contaminants by forcing water through a semi-permeable membrane under pressure. The membrane allows clean water (permeate) to pass while rejecting impurities (concentrate).

RO systems are highly effective in reducing TDS, hardness, fluoride, arsenic, nitrates, heavy metals, and microorganisms. A typical RO system consists of pre-treatment units (sand filter, activated carbon filter, cartridge filter), a high-pressure pump, RO membranes, and post-treatment (disinfection, pH or mineral adjustment).

RO technology can remove 95–99% of dissolved impurities and is widely used for drinking water supply, industrial processes, desalination, and groundwater treatment. Although it requires energy and produces reject water, RO provides a reliable source of high-quality water where conventional treatment methods are insufficient.